What have you done wrong if your loaf of bread is heavy and hard?

A heavy, hard loaf of bread usually means it's overbaked. Here are some common culprits:

1. Baking Time: You might have left the bread in the oven too long. Check the bread's internal temperature with a thermometer (it should be around 190-210 degrees Fahrenheit).

2. Oven Temperature: The oven might be too hot. Make sure it's preheated to the correct temperature specified in your recipe.

3. Proofing: Over-proofing (letting the dough rise for too long) can lead to a dense and tough loaf.

4. Kneading: Insufficient kneading doesn't allow the gluten to develop properly, resulting in a dense loaf.

5. Flour Type: Using a high-protein flour like bread flour can create a more dense bread.

6. Dough Hydration: Too little water in the dough can result in a denser texture.

7. Ingredients: Adding too much sugar or fat can make the bread denser.

8. Cooling: Not allowing the bread to cool completely after baking can trap moisture, making it seem dense.

To fix it:

* If you're still in the baking process, check the loaf's internal temperature and take it out if it's already reached the desired temperature.

* If the bread is already baked, you can try to soften it by wrapping it in a damp towel and letting it sit for a few hours.

* Next time you bake, try adjusting the baking time or temperature based on your specific recipe and oven.

Remember: Experimentation is key! Don't be afraid to adjust the ingredients and baking time to find the perfect loaf for you.