What causes pancakes to be flat and not fluffy?

1. Lack of leavening agents: Leaveners are ingredients that release gases during cooking causing the batter to rise and become fluffy. Not using the correct amount of baking powder, baking soda, or other leavening agents can lead to flat pancakes.

2. Over-mixing the batter: Over-mixing the pancake batter develops the gluten in the flour too much, resulting in a dense and less fluffy texture. Mix just until the ingredients are combined to avoid over-mixing.

3. Incorrect cooking temperature: Pancakes should be cooked over medium heat. Cooking at too low a temperature will result in slow and inadequate rising. Cooking at too high a temperature will cause the pancakes to brown quickly without giving enough time for them to rise.

4. Not letting the batter rest: Letting the batter rest for a few minutes before cooking allows the leavening agents to activate fully, resulting in better rising.

5. Adding too many mix-ins: Adding excessive mix-ins like fruits or chocolate chips can weigh the batter down and prevent it from rising properly.

6. Old or stale baking powder: Expired or old baking powder loses its potency and may not provide sufficient lift to the pancakes. Always check the expiration date on your baking powder.