What causes holes in cake?

1. Overmixing the batter: This is one of the most common culprits. Overmixing introduces too much air, which can create large air pockets that turn into holes when the cake bakes.

2. Using too much baking powder or soda: These leaveners work by releasing gas, which makes the cake rise. Too much will create an excess of gas, leading to holes in the cake.

3. Incorrect oven temperature: If the oven is too hot, the outside of the cake will cook too quickly before the inside has a chance to set, leaving gaps in the center.

4. Not enough liquid: Cakes need enough moisture to bake evenly. If the batter is too dry, it won't rise properly and can lead to holes.

5. Using old baking powder or soda: These leaveners lose their potency over time, so using outdated ones can result in inconsistent leavening and holes.

6. Not greasing and flouring the pan properly: If the pan isn't properly greased and floured, the cake can stick to the sides and tear as it rises, creating holes.

7. Under-baking the cake: If the cake doesn't bake long enough, the structure may not be strong enough to hold its shape, resulting in holes.

8. Adding too much flour: While flour is necessary for structure, too much will make the batter dense and dry, contributing to holes.

9. Using the wrong type of flour: Different types of flour have different protein content, which affects gluten development and rise. Using the wrong type can lead to uneven baking and holes.

10. Overcrowding the oven: If you bake multiple cakes at once, they may compete for heat and bake unevenly, causing holes.

Tips to prevent holes in your cake:

* Mix batter just until combined: Avoid overmixing.

* Use fresh baking powder and soda.

* Preheat oven to the correct temperature.

* Use the correct amount of ingredients.

* Grease and flour the pan thoroughly.

* Bake cake until a toothpick inserted into the center comes out clean.

* Let the cake cool in the pan for 10 minutes before inverting it onto a wire rack.

By following these tips, you can avoid the pesky holes and bake a beautiful, evenly risen cake.