What 4 things make bread rise?

1. Yeast: This single-celled organism is the primary driver of rising. Yeast consumes sugars in the dough and produces carbon dioxide as a byproduct. These gas bubbles get trapped in the gluten network, causing the dough to expand.

2. Gluten: This protein network, formed by the mixing of flour and water, acts as a "cage" to hold the carbon dioxide bubbles. The stronger the gluten network, the more air it can trap and the higher the bread will rise.

3. Heat: When the dough is baked, the yeast continues to produce carbon dioxide. The heat also helps the gluten to relax slightly, allowing the dough to expand even further.

4. Moisture: Water is essential for yeast activity and gluten development. It allows the yeast to thrive and the gluten to form a strong, elastic structure.

Let me know if you'd like more detail on any of these factors!