How do you remove permanent hardness of water?

Permanent hardness of water is caused by the presence of dissolved calcium and magnesium salts, such as calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate. These salts can be removed by a process called softening. Water softening can be done using a variety of methods, including:

- Chemical precipitation: This method involves adding a chemical, such as lime or soda ash, to the water. The chemical reacts with the calcium and magnesium ions in the water to form insoluble precipitates, which can then be filtered out.

- Ion exchange: This method involves passing the water through a resin bed that contains ions that can exchange with the calcium and magnesium ions in the water. The calcium and magnesium ions are removed from the water and replaced by the ions from the resin bed.

- Reverse osmosis: This method involves forcing the water through a semipermeable membrane that removes dissolved solids, including calcium and magnesium ions.

Water softening can be an effective way to remove permanent hardness from water, but it is important to note that it can also remove other beneficial minerals from the water, such as magnesium and calcium. Therefore, it is important to weigh the benefits and drawbacks of water softening before making a decision about whether or not to soften your water.