How do lionfish protect themselves with their dorsal spines?

Lionfish do not have dorsal (back) spines. Instead, they have venomous fin rays on their back. These fin rays are used for defense and to discourage predators. When threatened, lionfish will spread their fins and erect the venomous spines, making themselves appear larger and more intimidating. The venomous spines can cause severe pain, swelling, nausea, and even death if not treated promptly. Lionfish typically use these venom as a defense mechanism against predators. When predators approach, lionfish will erect its spines and make itself look larger and more threatening, deterring the predators from attacking. They also use their venomous fin rays to hunt for prey. By erecting their spines, they can immobilize smaller fish and then consume them.