How is pu erh tea made?

1. Harvesting: Pu erh tea is made from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant, specifically the varietal known as 'Assamica.' These leaves are hand-picked from mature tea trees during the spring and autumn seasons.

2. Withering: After harvesting, the tea leaves are spread out and allowed to wither under natural sunlight. This process helps reduce the moisture content of the leaves and initiates enzymatic changes that contribute to the development of pu erh's distinct flavors.

3. Fixation/Killing Green: The withered leaves are then subjected to a process called fixation or "killing green." This step involves heating the leaves in large woks or pans to rapidly deactivate the leaf enzymes and prevent oxidation. This step also preserves the quality of the leaves for the subsequent fermentation stage.

4. Rolling and Shaping: Once fixed, the leaves are rolled into various shapes, such as balls or cakes, by hand or using machinery. This shaping process helps release cell contents and further promotes enzymatic activity.

5. Primary Fermentation/Wet Piling: Pu erh tea undergoes a crucial process known as primary fermentation or "wet piling." The rolled leaves are placed in large heaps and covered with wet cloths. This controlled fermentation allows the growth of beneficial microorganisms, leading to microbial enzymatic reactions. The duration of this stage can vary, significantly impacting the tea's final flavor and characteristics.

6. Drying: After the primary fermentation, the tea leaves are spread out and dried thoroughly to prevent further microbial growth. This step helps stabilize the tea and ensure its preservation for long periods.

7. Secondary Fermentation/Aging: Pu erh tea undergoes a unique process called secondary fermentation or "aging." The dried tea is stored in a humid environment, allowing for the continuation of microbial transformations and biochemical changes. This aging process can last for several years and greatly influences the tea's complexity, depth of flavors, and overall character.

8. Packaging: Once the desired level of aging is achieved, the pu erh tea is carefully packaged and is ready for distribution and consumption.

It's important to note that the specific methods and variations within these steps can vary among different producers, regions, and styles of pu erh tea, leading to a diverse range of flavors, aromas, and textures of the final product.