How are the seeds in apple protected?

Apple seeds are protected by a structure inside the fruit known as the core or the seed housing. Here's how this protection works:

1. Tough Outer Skin: The core of an apple is surrounded by a tough and fibrous layer of tissue known as the endocarp. This layer acts as a barrier, preventing external factors from directly reaching and damaging the seeds.

2. Five Carpels: Inside the endocarp, the apple core is divided into five compartments or carpels. Each carpel contains one or two seeds.

3. Carpel Walls: The walls of the carpels are thick and sturdy. They provide further protection against physical damage, such as compression or punctures, that might harm the seeds.

4. Seed Coat: Each apple seed is covered by a protective seed coat, which is composed of a hard, water-resistant outer layer and a softer, nutrient-rich inner layer. The seed coat helps to shield the embryo within the seed from drying out or being damaged by pests and diseases.

5. Chemical Compounds: The apple core and seeds contain various chemicals that possess antimicrobial and antifungal properties. These compounds help prevent the growth of microorganisms, reducing the risk of seed decay or spoilage.

6. Limited Exposure: Apples have a limited opening to the outside world through their blossom end, also known as the calyx. This restricts access to the seeds, creating a less favorable environment for pests, insects, and pathogens compared to other fruits with more exposed seeds.

Together, these protective mechanisms ensure that the seeds inside an apple remain safe and viable until the fruit is consumed or the seeds are dispersed for potential germination.