What is ferrallization?

Ferralization is the soil-forming process in which laterization, the transformation of weathered rock into a material rich in iron and aluminum oxides, is the dominant pedogenetic process. It occurs in tropical and subtropical regions with high rainfall and temperatures, and is characterized by the leaching of silica and other soluble elements from the soil. The end product of ferralization is a highly weathered, iron-rich soil known as latosol.

Ferralization is a complex process that involves several interrelated chemical and physical reactions. The most important of these reactions is the hydrolysis of iron and aluminum minerals, which releases iron and aluminum ions into the soil solution. These ions are then transported downward by percolating water and accumulate in the subsoil, where they precipitate as iron and aluminum oxides.

The rate of ferralization is influenced by a number of factors, including climate, parent material, topography, and vegetation. Climate is the most important factor, as high temperatures and rainfall promote the weathering of rocks and the leaching of soluble elements. Parent material also plays a role, as some rocks are more susceptible to weathering than others. Topography can affect the rate of ferralization by influencing the movement of water through the soil. Vegetation can help to protect the soil from erosion, which can slow down the rate of ferralization.

Ferralization is a significant process in the tropics and subtropics, as it can lead to the formation of highly weathered soils that are often infertile. However, these soils can also be used for a variety of purposes, such as the cultivation of crops, grazing of livestock, and forestry.